Bernard Lewis

Professor Bernard Lewis Professor Emeritus of English and Jewish origin khaorshnas^I Middle East Studies at Princeton University, which is one of the most prominent experts in the field of the history of the Middle East can be considered.

Intellectual influences Bernard Lewis, aslamshnas, as an expert in American سیاستگذاریهای the last few decades is immeasurable. Jacob ویسبرگ opinion, Newsweek Magazine columnist, Bernard Lewis is the most important intellectual influence on the idea of invading Iraq have. Expressions contained such as "Islamic fundamentalism" or "battle of civilizations» time of inventions is Louis. گفته می شود ساموئل هانتینگتون، استاد پیشین علوم سیاسی در دانشگاه هاروارد، نظریه نبرد تمدنها را با الهام از ایده لوییس مطرح کرد.^II

لویییس as well as modern theorists say Iran and other Middle Eastern countries in the analysis plan is known. Middle East analysis or plan (Later) The "greater Middle East" project that was titled "Bernard Lewis" is famous, first in the بیلدلبرگ in the year 1979 meeting was discussed on the basis of this plan, Iran would be divided into six or seven pieces; the idea earlier in the run, and now instead of the Iraqi one, in fact there are three Iraq.^III According to former U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney, in the new century, scientists, lawmakers, diplomats and the media will follow Lewis's wisdom.^IV

The following text is a part of speech by Bernard Louise in 1999 and with Iran "on" for students and professors at the University of Tel Aviv gave to review the achievements of the Iranian deals. These lectures later in the year 2004, by Oxford University Press in the form of Part of a complete book Hit bchap. The English text of this article Here Or At this address Also available.

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Iran is on

For trying to get Outlook of Iran in history, I think that the Arab invasion in the seventh century, should be [Ad] Start. The series of history-making events that led to the emergence of Islam, the spread of the message of the Prophet Muhammad and its transmission from Arabia to the east and west, and the contiguity of many lands from the Atlantic and Pyrenees^V Up to the borders of China and India and beyond in [Around the] Arabic-Islamic new empire. These various statements to the events in Iran are reviving: From some [As] The advent of the true faith and the end of an era جاهلیت and blasphemy, also a gift; and from some other country's invasion and subjugation by the alien forces, the failure is considered as a national humiliation game.. Both of these comments is correct, of course, depending on what angle the issue is reviving.

What I want in the beginning that you draw, the major difference is truly remarkable and it's something that happened in Iran and other Middle East countries and what all of North Africa – Provided by the Arabs occupied the seventh and eighth centuries, and for portions of the Islamic Caliphate had been – Has occurred.

The other countries had ancient civilizations, Iraq, Syria, Egypt and North Africa, during a short time, were Islamic and Arabic. Their old religions to a total of vanished or was limited to small minorities; languages of کهنشان almost disappeared. Some [Of these languages] In the Scripture and prayers remain, some remote villages are still used, but in most places and in between بیشترمردم, the ancient languages has been forgotten. They provide an identity that these languages and ancient civilizations and been replaced in Iraq, Syria and Egypt to what is today the Arab world has become read.

Islamic Iran was indeed but not Arabic Persian Corp;^VI After a hiatus and were shutdown, Iran again as a separate, different and distinct element in the 1970s, and finally a new element added to Islam. [In terms of] Cultural, political, religious, and most importantly the participation of Iranians in this Islamic civilization is immensely important new. Impacts of Iranians in all cultural fields including Arabic poetry can be seen and also the participation of Iranian poets شعرهایشان sarodend partnership to Greyhound is a very major,. From one direction, and the second is the emergence of Islam Islam. New Islam, entitled "Islam-ye Ajam" are known to be. This was the original Persian Islam rather than Islam the Arabs to other areas and other peoples were slaves to the Turks, first in Central Asia and then in the Middle East and the country that is called Turkey today and of course to India [Was also]. The Ottoman Turks of Iranian civilization to the walls of Vienna *. A seventeenth century leave Sayyah [Ad] – As part of the Ottoman Embassy to Vienna was gone – With curiosity, he found the language dialog, there kinds of dishonesty is Persian. What he observed, surely a basic similarity between Indian and European languages and the fact that the Germans say "whoa" and English saying: «Is». Almost a thing to be a verb "to" third-person singular simple present,.

At the time of a massive invasion of the Mongols in the thirteenth century [Ad]Iranian Islam, not only to the important component, but also as the main component in the main centre for centuries, and قرنهای of the Islamic civilization and power in countries that had not, at least, even if Iranian with Persian civilization known to be. For a while this has contributed in the Arab world with the latest power Center, the Mamluk sultans of Egypt, was challenged in. But even the trench also abolished after the struggle between Corp and عثمانیان to who should occupy Egypt and عثمانیان in what might be called the removal of the qualifying competition, were victorious, Islam Arabic Arab-dominated only in remote sites such as Saudi Arabia and Morocco gave continued life. The center of the Islamic world under the dominance of Turkish and Persian countries was that both were shaped by the Iranian culture. The major center of Islam in the late middle ages and early modern era, political and cultural power centers such as India, Central Asia, Iran, Turkey, were all part of the Iranian civilization. Although the major part of it to several forms of Turkish and other languages were spoken, the local cultural and language was Persian ادبیشان. Arabic language is certainly Bible and tradition but it was English language poetry and literature was considered.

The exception of Persia

Why does this difference[There is]? Why the ancient civilizations where Iraq, Syria and Egypt were forgotten and مستحیل, the continuation of the Iranian civilization and open to new forms of life emerges?

Several responses to this question provided. One explanation is that [This is the difference] Due to differences in language. The people of Iraq, Syria, Palestine, and the species is different from Aramaic language professors. Slowly a Sami language that is associated with the Arabic and Aramaic to Arabic of change probably much easier than changing of the community – [As] An Indian and European languages – Is Arabic. There was once in this argument points. But the language of the Egyptians, Coptic, the language was Sami language , This did not prevent Egypt from becoming the subject of Arabic. Copts continued to live among the Christians for a while, but eventually died even among them, except as a religious language used in the ceremonies of the Coptic Church.

Some of this difference is due to the superior culture of the Corp. A superior culture, culture more post moves analysis. They are the same as the Latin saying [For Iran] Brand used:تندخوی تسخیرگران, Greece, "captive captured her; in other words, the Romans were Greek culture. This [The similarities] It is tempting but not convincing. The Romans conquered Greece and the continuation of the talks as Iranian Arabs conquer and rule on it, but the Romans, [The language of the] Learned Greek and Greek civilization admire; they will read, translate and Greek books follow *. Arab, English, having learned, learned Arabic and Corp a direct influence on Arabic and Persian literature is limited only to convert the resulting from the community has been.

Maybe it's something that more similar examples in England and after 1066 [Ad] Anglo Saxon occupation; occurred to Angola by Norman and French language become affected by نورمنی of Saxony to what the English call today. An interesting similarity between the occupation of England by the Norman and the occupation of Iran by Arabs, there. With a new language of work falling and streamline the old language evolved and many words entered the language of occupation. Creates a new identity and deep both occupying and occupied swept. As a boy in school in England that I recall about Norman invasion are learned. We were taught that the way both sides see theorem; the new legitimacy in the effect of the invasion was to create, in the case of Iran, unlike the UK [The legitimacy of the] With a new religion based on the new revelation was supported.

Most people occupied the other in Iraq, in Syria and in Egypt, a higher civilization, the civilization of these migrations were occupying were brought from Saudi Arabia with their wilderness. However, they were not مستحیل and Corp. So we can once again brought this question that has yet to pay it a response, repeat . A توصیح is probably the most common political differences is related to other elements of power and memory;. The other countries that were occupied Arab وسیه – Iraq, Syria, Palestine and Egypt – For other provinces, under the associated periods of domination of Empires were in other parts of the. They repeatedly were occupied long before the Arabs come to this area, suffered political, cultural and religious changes were then. The Arab-Islamic invasion in these areas is meant to once again change the Overlord and once again change tutors but it was this subject in Iran untrue. Iran is also in the time of Alexander the great conquer and for part of the Hellenic Empire came in a massive but only briefly. Iran has never failed to capture by Roman and Hellenic civilization and cultural impact of the the ERGO in Iran much less from Eastern countries, Egypt and North Africa, in places in which [Hellenic civilization] Maintenance and by the institutions of the Roman Empire was applied.

The impact of the Hellenic civilization in Iran at the time of Alexander the great and his direct successors without hesitation is significant, but more and more unstable surface of Mediterranean lands and with the resurgence of Iranian national, political and religious during the part and find an end to the Sassanid Empire. A new empire in Iran, which was the Roman Empires and the order زقیب and later was a Byzantine.

This means that at the time of the Arab invasion and immediately after that, contrary to the همسایگانشان Corp in the West, with the recent memory were supported even being said with this memory of their strength and honor. This is an ancient sense of honor and pride to the Islamic identity in the writings of English can be seen well

We make a difference in many ways we see: In the selection of the names of individuals and in the emergence of a kind of national epic poetry that has no parallel in Iraq, Syria, Egypt or any of these other regions, in the Fertile Crescent^VII And on the West side, parents ' names on their children seem more Quranic names or the names of Saudi Arabia [In the era of] Idolatry is. Ali, m., a. and the like. These names in Iran and prevalent among Muslim Corp but in addition, they specify the names of the community such as: KH, and other names, mahyar past Corp – The last of the Sassanid era, parchment, but their past anyway – They used to come. We did not find any Iraqi that his son Nebuchadnezzar or the Egyptians thought their BlackBerry or the Sennacherib ankh Amon Amon hotep or call not. This is truly dead and civilizations have been forgotten. [But] Pride is not buried on Corp but have a look and because of deposit. Recent segments on them except that, less than the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians glories lost and gone. All what they had and epic legends were taking most of the recent flawed; دورانهای of Iran and not earlier.

Islamic attitude to date can probably be subject to this clarification. Why should anyone bother to read their own history, the importance of history? God's Providence works for submission is human. And from the perspective of a Muslim – Especially a Sunni Muslim – On a certain importance in showing the Prophet Muhammad, companions and also predecessors of Empires is that Islam guided behavior pattern and the correct provision of rules *. Surely this means that the only history that matters on Muslims and on scenic بربرهای in remote locations and even بربرهایی that were the ancestors of the person does not have any moral and religious values and therefore not worth the time. [Hence] When Corp once again, after the occupation [The Arabs], By philanthropists, lost their memory. Of course, as you will not permanently.

The history of ancient Persia before the Sassanid Empire, the last [Series] Prior to Islam, the [Also] With numerous variations of the vanished. The ancient Persian language was replaced by the Islamic. Ancient texts were lost and with Arabic texts – That was adjusted to the need for community فنوتیک – Replaced. Ancient texts and language among a small minority of the religion of Zoroaster but life continues momenan it did great importance. Even the names of people who a few moments ago I mentioned, unless they also in recent times was forgotten, so that, for example, the name of Cyrus in the modern era as the greatest King of ancient Iran was forgotten to be admired,. The name Alexander Corp^VIII [Macedon] For Alexander^IX Do you remember but do not remember the name of Cyrus. Alexander is among the better remembered of the Persian Kings Corp has been.

Iran, Greece, and the Jews

Brief info shall remain that of ancient Persia, was recorded by the two peoples, the Jews and the Greeks; the only folks that ancient درخاورمیانه memory, sound and they keep their mouths. Both Jews and Greeks, Cyrus is due to do not because Corp. Only the Greeks and Jews in what was left of the apropos about ancient Persia, to maintain a relatively modern times,[Up] When the repositories of information were expanded extensively by Orientalists, that is, European archaeologists and linguists, who found a way to retrieve ancient texts and unravel the mystery of ancient texts.

Let's pause for a moment to take a decent picture of Iran in the Gospel and classical Greek texts for some of that by the Greeks and Jews has been maintained. As can be expected of the long conflict – That began with the invasion of Greece and the Corp attack retaliatory Alexander reached- The Greek has been dominating on the look. [This conflict] The main field of historiography of ancient Greece, Greek democracy and the rule of absolute contrast also of Persia is an important issue for the Greek political writings. But in spite of being mostly on one of the disputed issues, the tone of the ancient Greek writings about pars, mostly respectable, and sometimes even sympathetically is. A notable example, "Achilles" Corp "effect»^X Is – He is one of the decent soldiers left Russo goes one – And indeed, the ratio of the Persian army to defeat the غمخواری show.

Special positive picture of the Gospel the ancient show [Gov] In the generally correlates to strangers, even in relation to his own people not so gracious. The first rise of the "paras" PARS for name^XI In the book of Ezekiel^XII That alien lands as one of paras to refer to about the universe has been named. The modern usage of "care, such as paras foo»^XIII S. name [PARS] Written in the story of the wall, in a party, "shazar Bill»^XIV A more dramatic appearance finds. When originally “Mene mene, tekel upharsin” Dominant bi-Ode to Babylon-aware that he has been measured^XV And the Medes and share his territory will parsha.

And then of course comes the Cyrus in particular parts of the last [Book] Isaiah^XVI To him, the place where the Gospel according to experts it is the second اشعیای^XVII And portions of the book of Isaiah is the period after the occupation of Babylon is related. The language for [Describes the] Cyrus has puzzled and platforms is. In the Hebrew text of Cyrus as sanctified by God and Christ moves the name. Respect to k-rate not only of all the Kings of the Gentiles, but almost all of the Jewish rulers is also more.

ناگزیز this question comes – why? Why is the Bible with such brilliant expressions of a pagan King remembered? Be sure that there is an obvious answer, because Cyrus, blfor^XVIII His time was. He is Jewish right of return to their lands and recognize the political entity he revived. But this really does not answer this question, but it does pose it again.. For what he did? A series of aggressions, a large number of diverse ethnic groups – As nowadays it towards the name- It was placed under the domination of the Corp; why should k for one of them such a step? We are the only [Explain the] The Jewish side know theorem, we have [Explain the] The Persian side do not know and for knowing it is only guessing. My suggestion is that the feeling of solidarity that his spiritual and moral and religion altogether from the ignorant and چندخدایان were enclosed patriotic Idol, there was. This is the last book in the old testament sense of proximity and the next can be seen in the Jewish noshtejat. For example, a number of Persian words in the Bible and the Gospel in postmodern Jewish noshtejat was later seen.

This Iranian religion and Jewish religion faced an important impact on the world's. We can see definitive signs of the impact we recognize Corp. [The impact of the] The time for rational and material on Judaism after the exile and so on Christianity and Greek-Roman world also unilateral and therefore ultimately on the [All] Europe [Has been applied].

Let's give a few examples of functional aspects;. The early Arabic sources, we can say that the Corp is a new tool for the invention of the Stirrup to the ride and had not been known before him. We can easily say why this tool – In transportation, communication and the revolutionary war also bring – It was such a major impact. A soldier riding in an armor, worn on a horse with a spear, joshan when in danger of being pulled under the horse, can help with stirrup, a far more lethal attack, see wake up without the use of it. We clear stories – Especially from بیزانسیها – About the emergence of a new and devastating armament heard, [The advent of the] An armed rider on horse – A کاتافراکت.^XIX

Stirrup also Corp helped to create the mail system. The system they – The Greeks will be remembered with admiration of it- Includes a network of couriers and postal station across the territory of the [The Empire] Was. [This system is] In Arabic, "the Brig"^XX The English verb شودکه known course of «take»^XXI Means to carry out, is taken. Postal prordos horse^XXII The German word "فاید" was^XXIII The time has come from right here. Another invention that can be attributed to the – If the world is contrasting evidence here – [The invention of the] The mill; the use of wind and water to produce energy is. The mill is the first and only way to Millennium energy except through human and animal muscle growth went.

In the field of other Board Games inventor Corp, especially known chess that still uses the English words – [The word] King – And also the games with different names leave Improv^XXIV, Jar-Bush^XXV, Backgammon^XXVI And other known names.

For an assignment to a more robust basis our Corp and we are here to get open on the main theme of cultural, to books, to a book that for کدکس^XXVII Was. The Greek-Roman world and also خارمیانه of used Shirin. کدکس that the current form of the call book, it seems to be rooted in Iran. The cultural impact of this invention specifically is immensely.

But let us not up to what is ultimately more important topic is bazgardem and it is the impact of ideas. The concept of the opposition between good and evil, almost equal to the forces of Iran and of Iranian religion come. The devil that you know, at the time of birth was Iranian and of course is now home and native names are in the Western world. The idea of the power of the devil, and the ancient Persian religion of almost equal characteristic is: Angra mainyu^XXVIII The predecessor of the devil^XXIX, مفیستوفل^XXX Or anything else that we have to go for used نامیدنش which comes with the idea of arbitration [Day of judgment] And the Almighty heaven and hell [Come from Iran]. And here we must recall that the paradise^XXXI The word is also a Parsi. “Para” [In the community] Against the “peri” Is Greek. “peridesos” In ancient Persian meaning enclosed with walls is.

The rise of the njatbaksh^XXXII Also to consider is Iranian history. In this داکترین^XXXIII On the personality of the Apocalypse are scattered small seed of Zoroaster and the emergence of the great earth makes grim. This is not a trivial matter that the idea of the rise of the Hebrew Bible in njatbaksh until the return of Babylon could not be seen and this is the time when the Jews were under the influence of Corp. The importance of the belief in the rise of the Jewish-Christian tradition in njatbaksh is. Along with this idea and practicing religious structure – A group of mullahs^XXXIV With ratings [Different] That under the chairmanship of ملای Azam, divans mullahs are Chaplain, ملای,. Also, this kind of titles such as: ملای the mullahs, the King of Kings and the like is specifically. [This kind of titles] In ancient times it was customary to [The language of the] Arabic toto: Amir alamra – Amir Nobel; Chief Justice – Judge judge; maybe even the title of the Pope in Rome – God's servant maids^XXXV – Indirect influence of Iranians together.. The whole idea of the Church, not to the concept of building, [But the concept of] Place of worship under the great leader and hierarchy sample [Saint] It is the words.

The religion of ancient Iran [Not] Is alive. The religion of Zoroaster small group rituals and still gone – But it's not trivial minority – In India and Pakistan and has a size of Iran. They preserved the writings and knowledge of the ancient language, and from here the first European Orientalists were able to learn Middle Persian and through it discover the more ancient Iranian languages.

Iran and the Shi'ite

For at least a thousand years, with the religion of Islam and Shi'a Islam in recent centuries has been mixed – Some of it as a manifestation of the national genius Corp again to change Islam to learn. Some even went beyond the – European 19th century writers such as گوبینو^XXXVI, Claimed that the Shi'ite^XXXVII Aryan domination of Gary^XXXVIII On Sammy gray^XXXIX Islam. These ideas will be considered invalid today it was طرفدارانی times and still is peyrovani.

There is a problem in that such observations is that Shia Islam by Arabs themselves, like Gary to come. The first Shiites in Iran. – And for a lot of the same routine. – The Arabs were. The Shiite stronghold and center of the city of Qom in Iran, is an Arabic Foundation casting and its residents were the first Arab. (I remember a friend who gave me in Qom Persian returns to the desert around the city and said: “Who except the Arabs can build a city in such a place?) Shi'ite Safavid dynasty centuries later introduced and released and said that they were leaving. So it's time for Iran to span the age of a country [Religion] Was. But without a doubt with the establishment of the Shiite government, safavi, the new era – One of the distinctive features of Iranian Shia – Began.

The arrival of a new era in the history of Safavid dynasty is Corp. For the first time in a very قرنهای, a United country [Under] Series [Safavi] Created. Safavid dynasty with some significant new features, don't care.. I mentioned earlier that one of them was Alliance. At the time of the first Arab invaders, Iran under the domination of all a command and the command of Caliph in Medina and then Damascus and Baghdad was then. But with the collapse of the Caliphate, the various parts to Iran under the dominance of the local rulers crumbled. Safavid dynasty United Iran's territory for the first time – More or less in the current boundaries of the range and not just regions of Khorasan and یکدیگ remote but the pars and the rest of it under a dominant- Construction, which since that time has remained Similarly, except the immeasurable diversity of ethnic groups that has the characteristic country today. For example, if you look at the perimeter of the North West that make آذربایجانیهای torkzaban residing in the South and Kurds are toward the South, and they have more cracks – قشقاییان – The presence of the Arabs of Khuzestan and the South they are. In the Southeast, Baloch, Turkmens are present and then. This [The status of] The shape of the environment all around the Center, popular with non-English languages are present but certain language and Persian culture version of Shiite Islam and helped the solidarity that has been applied by the Safavid dynasty was preserved by the جانشینانشان, [Up to today] To be kept.

Another important feature of the Shi'ite also brought with it the distinction with all neighbors of the عثمانیان in the West of the Central Asian States in the Northeast and from Islamic countries was in the southeast Indian. They were all Sunni countries specifically. It is true that Persian as a classical language, literary language, and at that time even a diplomatic language was used by all three neighbors, namely the Ottomans, Central Asians, and Indians, but the fundamental differences between the Shiite and Sunni territories remained.

Other improvements in this period – Especially in the late period of safavi and its successors – The concept was. I'm so far from the two so-called pergen and Persia to refer to the people and the land, I use – As customary in recent times has had Western languages. The ancient name of Iran, but its current modern usage. We are the first community in the name of the ancient scrolls, for example, in the inscription of Darius in ancient Persian languages; we find he introduced the King of Aryans. Iran and Aryan "»^XL Two identical word in ancient languages of Iran and India meant «noble»^XLI Are. The King, the King of آریونوم^XLII That was an extra mode is gathering [Meant to be] The King of the Aryans.

[Name of Iran] In early mythology and epics of the middle ages, in the North and in the massive civil war stories of Iran and Turan survives. This name was again in the nineteenth century as the name of the country – More among the general public so official use – It was common. But the official use of it is related to the much later became probably under the influence of the Third Reich^XLIII Is. The German government at the time, which needed many facilities and assistance from Iran, assured the people of that country that they were Iranians, which was in the same sense as Aryan, and therefore they were different from all their neighbors and superior to them, and the Nuremberg Laws^XLIV They cannot be subject to. And it was at this time that the name of the country in foreign languages like English, was officially changed to Iran.

Permission to another key on, to the Islamic revolution and the Islamic Republic of Iran to the product. [Islamic revolution] It was truly a revolution. As the revolution in modern times the Middle East set for کودتاها, rebellion, civil war and the terrors and the like is used. But what happened in Iran – What better what's worse – It was a real revolution, just as the Great French Revolution and the Russian Revolution are real revolutions, and like them, the Iranian Revolution had a tremendous impact on all countries that lived in the same environment, in other words, in the Islamic world.

As with the previous revolutions, there are comments about the Iranian revolution متباینی. On the basis of one of them said that we apply and we can see that the name of the name of Islam against Iran and even with a vampire regime put the متعصبی on the inside and on the outside and inside of the cruelty of terrorism does not. And based on other views that they prefer, we offer solutions for the diagnosis and treatment of all diseases and pains we see region. The solution on the barbarian's assertion is heretical and solutions.

Now with the end of the continuous foreign direct commands and even reducing foreign influence in the region, a familiar pattern in the region can be hidden again. Again today there are two major powers in the region; this time, the Republic of Turkey and the Islamic Republic of Iran. In the 16th century, there were two rival powers in both countries, the Ottoman Sultan and the Safavid Shah, who presented Sunni and Shiite versions of Islam and fought for the leadership of the Islamic world.

A thousand years ago, in the sixth century AD, in the same two countries, two rival Byzantine emperors, and Sassanian civilizations, Iran and the attitude of the world were on rival. Both the Byzantines and the Sassanids were conquered and crushed by Islam; both the Ottoman sultans and Safavid kings were driven out by forces from outside as well as from within the territory.

Today, the two competitors are system; both came with the revolution work; both are specified in ایدئولوژیهای – Secular democracy in Turkey and خداسالاری^XLV Iran Islamic. As with past دورانهای none against another is not an influence. In Turkey, we see that the religious party of one-fifth of the vote in free elections of their own, and it plays an important role in national politics plays. We do not know how many Iranians prefer secular democracy, because in Islamic theocracy, they do not have the right to express their desires, but there are various indications that there are not many of them.^XLVI

The dispute between the two countries and in other areas of the stream between the two versions are different from what is originally shared civilization. The result of this conflict is not known.

1. Emeritus [↪]
2. Mr. Lewis was the voice of conservatives, a brooding pessimist, in the time of a sublime faith in things new and untried. It was he, in that 1990 article, who gave us the notion of a “clash of civilizations” that Samuel Huntington would popularize, with due attribution to Bernard Lewis. [+] [↪]
3. Tarpley, W. (2008). Obama: The Postmodern Coup: Making of a Manchurian Candidate.[+] [↪]
4. In this new century, his wisdom is sought daily by policymakers, diplomats, fellow academics, and the news media. [+] [↪]
5. Spain and France in the field of mountain is a modern border. [↪]
6. In all English text anywhere “Iran” And “Iranian” If you had come to "Iran" and "Persians" and anywhere “Persia” And “Persian” The pars had come to "brgerdandem" and "Corp". Mention the tip of this order which is essential in English against the people of Iran and Persia pergen and land use from Iran. [↪]
7. The fertility of the land forms a Crescent from Western Asia to the Nile Delta in the North Africa drawn. The term "fertile Crescent", "جمیز بریستید", the first Professor of the University of Chicago and the first owner of the Chair of Egyptology and شرقشناسی in America, counter-revolution. [↪]
8. Alexander [↪]
9. Iskandar [↪]
10. Achilles or آشیلوس (456.455 am.) One of the three great Nevis tragedy of ancient Greece (Next to the «اوریپید» and «Sophocles») That is still his plays in the modern era.. Achilles would recognize as the father of tragedy. Corp plays one of the few remaining Achilles from the tragedy and one of the most important sources of information about the period is. [↪]
11. Paras [↪]
12. Ezekiel [↪]
13. “Ultima thule” Or “Thule” (From the Greek word) European literature that is meant to be very far away in Northern territorial or unattainable goal (جورجیکس system of Virgil) There are application. [↪]
14. Belshazzar [↪]
15. دستخطی "on the wall" is the story of the fifth part of the book of Daniel: A party in stream of Bill King of Babylon, shazar, a group of predators of the Temple of Jerusalem (= Jerusalem) It also attended the profane and طلاهای it had been looted, the party دستخطی of the unseen on the wall becomes apparent and the words inscribed on the wall does not: “Mene, Mene, Tekel, u-Pharsin” Mina, Mina, Mina, half. In Aramaic, "Mina" means "and" form "to calculate mean weight off or a half-meter and Mina mean splitting come. This narrative-based Daniel the Prophet can be summoned by Bill shazar and interprets this message as: Mina The days of the Kingdom of God and to you it will take to finish the. The shape of the That is, you look nice and tried at scale with diagnosed as guilty. Half-Mina That is, the territory of the Kingdom of the Medes among you, and will be split Corp. (The word “Pharsin” Is meant to be split off and form their own, gently evokes the name of barking.) This is the story of the Gospel (The old testament) This is important in order that the will of God as a Corp executives introduced. In English the phrase "دستخطی on the wall" to refer to the inevitable curse of misfortune and the definitive. [↪]
16. Isaiah [↪]
17. Deutero-Isaiah [↪]
18. Arthur James blfor “Arthur James Balfour” Secretary of State and later Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, which was in the year 1919 and in a letter to Baron Walter Roth's “Walter Rothschild”Jewish community leader of England, ordered the British to form "uk and Ireland" صهیونیزم Federation communicated *. In that letter to the "blfor" statement is to support the Government of the United Kingdom noted the formation of a Jewish State. This statement was later the introduction for the formation of the country of Georgia. Here's Bernard Lewis – That a person is Jewish – With this comparison in fact the importance of the position refers to Jews in the midst of Cyrus. [↪]
19. کاتافراکت heavy cavalry, the arms of the army of Iran and the first Knights were on the world. The next Europeans for centuries with the imitation of کاتافراکت, brought the Knights emerged that similar techniques were of interest. [↪]
20. Barid [↪]
21. Burdan [↪]
22. “paraverēdus” Apparently, the horse is meant to replace the Latin form that was saved in a different simple mail. [↪]
23. “Pferd” The horse is meant in German. [↪]
24. Trik-trak [↪]
25. Shich-besh [↪]
26. Backgammon [↪]
27. “Codex” The first form of the book is that the manuscript on paper or similar material from the skin or attached to one were یکدیکر. [↪]
28. Ahriman [↪]
29. Satan [↪]
30. Mephistopheles [↪]
31. paradise [↪]
32. “Messianism” The idea of the rise of njatbaksh in the Apocalypse that the promised Mahdi of Islam to Jewish ritual, the advent of Christ (Means the King and not necessarily Jesus of Nazareth) In Christianity, the rise again of Jesus and in the religion of Zoroaster to believe soshiant. [↪]
33. داکترین “Doctrine” Political ethic means (Here is the religious belief) Is. [↪]
34. In the original text the word “Priest” Come. As "spiritual," which are generally against the "Mullah" or "Pastor" or "chaplain" assumes broader application, and hence I cannot use for spiritual missionaries go. [↪]
35. The Servant of the Servants of God — Servus Servorum Dei [↪]
36. Arthur دُ گوبینو “Arthur de Gobineau” The author, a French politician and khaorshnas is that the theory of Aryan supremacy for the first time in a book with the title "a treatise about the inequality of the human races» “Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines” Published as one of the first known examples of scientific racism. In the first sixteen volumes of the book chapter, گوبینو claimed that in the whole world there are more than ten great civilizations, and they all were started with the Aryan race is based on this category: Indians, Egyptians, Assyrians, Chinese, یونانیها, the Italian peninsula, Mexican, جرمانیک, پرویی, and Allegheny (In the West of modern-day Virginia State) Great civilizations were human. According to he : Egypt and China and India was created by Indian Aryans. Aryan with Greek investigators were made, the Assyrians of Sami race Sami “Semitic” , And patron “Hamitic” Went to Iranian Aryan civilization were only a subset of the Assyrian. [↪]
37. Shi'ism [↪]
38. Aryanism [↪]
39. Semitism [↪]
40. Aryan [↪]
41. Noble [↪]
42. Aryanum [↪]
43. Reich “Reich” (English: Rich) In the German language is used in the sense of an empire. The first application of this title to refer to the Holy Roman Empire was that of Christianity as the official religion throughout the territory under its domination in. In Germany the land dominated by the Chancellor "Otto van Bismark» (1871) That is the second German Reich said United will and took the title of the Third Reich Nazi Germany under Hitler's dominance was applicable. [↪]
44. Normberg rules (German: Nürnberger Gesetze) The set of rules that was in 1935, and during the زمامدازی of the Nazi party, subject to the approval of Parliament, according to receipt of blood and German honor, the defended. On the basis of the first part of the laws of the Jews and non-Aryans were barred from marriage with آلمانیها. [↪]
45. Theocracy [↪]
46. This speech relates to the year 1999 ad. After this date, Islamists in Turkey failed to reach and power were on the opposite side of the Iranian people with the sound louder over their positions about the lack of religious Government voiced تمایلشان. [↪]